Theories of Bad Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Bad Leadership - Essay Example And (5) Are good and bad leadership qualitatively different phenomena? Kellerman’s views from her discourse entitled â€Å"Costs and Benefits: Why We Need to Study Bad Leadership† proffered pertinent issue relative to incompetent leaders based on two claims: (1) placing bad leadership on two axes: unethical and ineffective; and (2) stipulating seven types of bad leadership, to wit: incompetent, rigid, intemperate, callous, corrupt, insular, and evil (Kellerman, 2004, pp. 3-4). By eventually expounding on the costs of bad leadership, as well as finding justifications for any perceived benefits and confirming in the end that â€Å"without followers nothing happens, including bad leadership† (Kellerman, 2004, p. 8). One therefore shares the same contention as the evidence Kellerman presented to prove from the cited actual examples that it actually takes two to tango. From the point of view of Kellerman, leaders can fail given the opportune situation and with the assistance, negligence, blind obedience, conformity, or even ignorance of the followers. Aside from exhibiting any or a combination of the seven types of bad leadership enumerated above, leaders apparently fail with the assistance of the followers. Kellerman cited followers who were deemed enablers, blind supporters, covering for the leaders’ mistakes, compliant and ignorant stakeholders who enable leaders to operate without the benefit of checks and balances, and allowing assuming an avoiding stance. Lipman-Blumen’s view, on the other hand, used six psychological factors that explain why people apparently allow, choose, and support the existence of bad leaders. These factors include the needs for reassuring figures, security and certainty, feel special or chosen, and being part of a community; as well as fears for being ostracized and being powerless (Lipman-Bluman, 2006, p. 29). These psychological factors that could be traced since developmental stages form the basis for selecting leaders

Critical Essay by Juda Smith Essay Example for Free

Critical Essay by Juda Smith Essay I think the nether grave is the best story, because it’s very relatable. Majority of kids get bullied and or go through a bad time at least once in their life, so they either find ways to escape it or lie to people about how â€Å"good† their life is so nobody knows how bad it actually it. People connect more with things they can relate too. Fact. But, ‘†A Sound of Thunder† is a better story that can be classified as science fiction because it has something to do with time travel, dinosaurs, and history. â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† fits into the science fiction category because it’s based on time travel, dinosaurs ruling the Earth, and staying on the correct path so he doesn’t â€Å"change the course of history†. Those are all science related things so that’s the science part. It’s fiction because its fact but science related. No one can go back in time or change the course of history that’s where the fiction comes into play. In the story â€Å"nether grave† it’s harder to classify it as science fiction, because it’s not like it has something to do with time travel or dinosaurs, but it does have to do with gaming and leaving behind his own life to be a jaguar in a video game life. It does have to with people and how their life effects their life decisions which is science. It’s fiction because people can’t trade in their bad life to be in a video game. In the story â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† he uses sensory imagery, which uses very descriptive words to evoke images of sight, sounds, feelings, touch, and smells. In the first line, the protagonist swallows and they tell us about the â€Å"muscles around his mouth† and he waves his hand, while in the background there comes a â€Å"sound like a gigantic bonfire.† In the story the nethergrave it was hard to tell you were in another world because of the lack of detail. They didn’t give you a time period too, so there isn’t really to relate to besides the fact that it’s about a boy who uses his computer to hide and lie about his life. The theme in the story â€Å"A sound of thunder† you have to stay on the correct path in life or it will go all wrong. The plans you thought you had will change and everything will be challenging and hard. In the stor y the â€Å"Nether grave†, the theme of the story I believe it is when you feel like your life is bad, don’t go on trying to hide what’s going on. I think the first story has the best theme â€Å"A sound of thunder† because it is true. If you don’t stay on the correct paths of life and associate yourself with good people, your life and plans  can all change. You can’t have the both of best worlds.

Why is not ASEAN regionalism as successful as the EU

Why is not ASEAN regionalism as successful as the EU   Since the end of WWII, integration and regionalism has been the main focus for the study of international relations.   Peace was the main reason for creating a regional body, but since the fall of communism in the Soviet Union, the main focus on regionalism was on the economic.   The success of the integration in Europe had given the foundations of most of the earlier studies, which they tend to take Europe as a blueprint for the success in regionalism. Many third world regional bodies such as the ASEAN also look at Europe seriously because of its success.   By taking a comparative look at both organizations by their reasons to create a supranational body, the structures of both organizations; and evaluate them in terms of their successes, we can better understand both organizations. The integration process of Southeast Asia is very different from that of the EU in many ways that it creates the sense of uniqueness apart from the other regionalism around the world. Although it hopes to enjoy the same success as in Europe, there are many arguments whether it can achieve as much as Europe, such as in its past, the authoritarian style of governments, its economy structure, and its inability to solve disputes. The questions here lay in the future of ASEAN on which way is it going to go, and what it has to do to engulf successes of Europe. Right now regionalism that is undergoing in Southeast Asia is in a changing direction, economic success is seen as the main goal. The adaptation towards the European model acts as the guideline for the transformations. Nevertheless the need to understand the comparative work is very important towards future transformation in order to function as effectively as the EU model and to maintain the uniqueness of the ASIAN integration. The reasons behind ASEAN’s failure are the lack of institutions to enforce the structural co-operations from the members.   Part of understanding the background of both regions, looking i nto the history of the identity processing is necessary. There are debates about integration concerning the communal identities and the ideological structure that supports this. The comparative question over the identities of both organizations is why is it that the forming of the identity of Europe was more successful than the Southeast Asian region. What is the arguments concerning the identities of both organizations. With the EU, the question is based upon what are the factors that made up the European identity, and what determines what European is and what is not. Since there are many debates concerning that many of the benefits that helped built up the identity of Europe came from Asia, such as its polity, and its religion. The question concerning the ASEAN identity is whether there is a Southeast Asian identity in the first place and is the way things are set today, the proper way that things should be functioning? The fact that integration is a science that makes use of the pre-existing relationships between states members, an analysis of these prior relationships that build up both identities is critical in understanding the effectiveness of both organizations Research Questions Why is not ASEAN regionalism as successful as the EU? What are the main different characteristics of both organizations? What are the main similar characteristics of both organizations? Research Methodologies This study is a comparative analysis that focuses on secondary sources in order to obtain information pertaining the background, reasons, structures, and values of the EU and ASEAN. Hypotheses ASEAN regionalism is considered as a failure when compare to the EU in the degree of their reasons of their establishment, the differences in their values and structures. Reasons The European Union Security is the main concern for the EU since its beginning.   The threats form security exist both externally and internally.   The key actors here for the external security reasons were the Soviet Union, and the US, the threats of the Soviet Union for Europe was so great that America had to step in to help Europe in its rebuilding process in order to prevent Communist influences while keeping capitalism alive.   This involves pouring massive amount of money into reviving West Germany to an economically giant of Europe.   The formation of the EU was also received full support from the US, because of the integration process will benefit America by creating a bigger market for it to invest in, and a bigger trade bloc to trade to.   The forming of the EU will also allows the US to establish military bases in strategic locations in order to exercise its military power against Soviet threats. The building of the EU will also relieve the US from some of its responsibilities in t he world stage, creating a middle actor in the balancing of power from the US and the USSR.   Therefore the US support was very essential for the building of EU.   Internally, Europe at the time a war weary continent was going through a massive challenge in building itself.   Europe had gone through series of devastating wars; the most demolishing one of all was WWII.   After the end of the Second World War, most of Europes infrastructures were left destroyed from the strategic bombing from both the Allies, and the Nazi.   Europe was left to the state of rebuilding its infrastructure as same as its economy.   Most importantly it cannot afford another devastated war, the backdrop of this was the signing of the Coal and Steel Treaties, which was the major signing that will lead to the period of peace and security.   The Coal and Steel Treaties takes a look at the cause of European warfare in terms of the resources needed to build a war industry.   The main industry was steel and coal was needed to process it into weapons.   The idea was if Europe could break down the two industries, which were the resources that could lead to war and control and regulated it by a supranational governing body, then there will be a monitoring on the use of the two resources preventing another arm race from any country.   This is an example of a strong foundation of a strong supranational institution that limits some of the sovereignty that nation states use to have.   As later we will discuss the preambles written in this document in order to determine weather it was successful or not.   Although this treaty was not the foundation document of creating the EU, it was very important in the aspect of internal security and keeping peace and stability in the economy. ASEAN For SEA, security was also the main factor in forming a regional body.   Same as Europe, the Communist threats were the main threats from the external force as well as an internal force, so SEA had got a lot of support from America.   The theory behind this was called the Domino Effect Theory produced by George Kenneth, the secretary of state of the US administration during that time.   SEA was battling another front in the Cold War, and it was a potentially vulnerable front as well.   The fall of Vietnam then Laos then Cambodia gave the Domino effect theory its name, because countries who battle against communism in this region falls one by one similar to the dominoes, and the influence of the communism spread through the neighboring country.   Massive money was injected into the region in order to create strong capitalistic economic structures.   Military Dictatorship was very common in most of the countries, because it processed the strong authoritarian rule needed to counter communism.   External conflict lays solely on the threat from Vietnam, while an internal conflict was on the communist influences domestically that were big threats creating fragmentation in each country.   The evidence was the numbers of communist parties and their violence handling in each countries of SEA. For example, the bloodshed in Indonesia with General Suharto actions against PKI rallies which left many scholar to believe the number of death are between 200,000 to 500,000.    Although during this time, both regions are very similar in the external and internal reasons to strengthen co-operations in creating a secured community from communism, one major difference was that of the non-interference agreement signed by ASEAN members in the Bangkok Declaration, the founding treaties establishing ASEAN.   In Europe, the governments of the members had agreed in giving up limited sovereignty by creating supranational institutions to monitor, and to exercise its power such as the pooling of resources like coal and steel.   While ASEAN nations did not agreed on giving up any sovereignty by signing the non-interference agreement.   This will produce massive effects in the lacking of co-operations and monitoring body in ASEAN.   During this time each countries were focusing on building its own domestic economy by trading outside of their regions such as markets of Japan and the US rather than focusing on the intra trading activities.   Ironically ASEAN co-o perations was nothing more than an agreement not to co operate, focusing on building prosperity separately without intervening on each others affairs.   Until recently that ASEAN sees an essential need to integrate and co-operate regionally in order to prosper economically. Values In this part of the paper, we are looking at the completely different sets of values that will in turn influence the last point of the paper, which is organization structure drastically.   The contrast between two sets of values that lies in the organizations here is clear.   Regionalization of the SEA is very much different than the one of Europe. Because of the Asian way of thinking which tend to be authoritarian, many had argued that, SEA needed to find its own path rather than following Europes model of integration.   Unlike the EU, which had a strong foundation of regional/continental identity, the ASEAN identity had been a recent created identity.   The Southeast Asian people did not come up even with the technology employed to define national boarder lines but it was done from colonialism.   There was no common language like Europe had of Latin that was used to communicate in religion and states affairs.   There was no common religion like Christianity.   There w as no common law and order like Europe had from the Roman Empire or the establishment of democratic values from Greece.   Asian values tend to be authoritarian rather than liberalism in Europe. Authority is the most important thing above everything in Southeast Asia, while individualism and human rights is emphasized in Europe1.   The evidence determining this is in democracy, during the signing of the Treaty of Rome, each leader of the members were democratically elected leaders, while in Southeast Asia, leaders were military juntas and authoritarian ruler.   The reason behind this was the need for the strong ruling against the backdrop of communist threats from Indo China.   The military juntas were Field Marshall Thanom of Thailand, Marcos in the Phillippines, and Surhato in Indonesia, while the authoritarian leaders were Mahadthere in Malaysia, and Lee Guan Yuu of Singapore.   This is the very big difference we can see between the two different styles of polity.   Th is authoritarian value came from the pre-colonial period when the polities of SEA were in forms of Kingdoms and Sultanate states.   Power was circulated within the family like in the form of absolute monarchy.   Territories existed in a form of sphere of influence rather than a clear borderline.   This could explain the struggle of ASEAN nations to adapt to democracy during the post-colonial period.   Although democracy tendencies and structures were introduced and left behind by the colonial countries, the effect of communism just forced democracy backward, because of the need for a strong authoritarian rule to keep out communism This has made it more complicated during the post-Cold War era to switch from a military authoritarian rule to democracy.   This difference can be seen as authoritarianism of ASEAN versus democracy of EU, which contributed to the vast difference in value structures of both organizations.   In effect, the governments of ASEAN tend to focus domes tically in keeping their legitimacy and to remain in power rather than co-operating together.   As a result, this has made any regional interactions and decision-making done at the top level of the society by government leaders rather than benefitting people in all levels of the society.   This has made it acceptable for non- democratic countries like Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos to later join.   With the EU, it is a completely different story, according to the Copenhagen Criteria, the EU does not allows the joining of a non democratic countries, the criteria also includes the respect of human rights in each member countries and the opening up of a free market. Having standards of criteria for acceptance makes cooperation easier for the EU, when compared to the ASEAN where similar common grounds and agreements cannot be found.   Prior to the European colonization, the polities of SEA were in a form of kingdom, which was ruled in the form of monarchies. There were no clear boundaries or drawn territory of these kingdoms. Rather, the influences of these kingdom existed in form of a sphere of influences, which were submitted to China. There were no common languages, religion or shared sense of identity like existed in Europe. Since the beginning, the creation of national identities had been defined and brought on by western civilization during colonialism. The territorial boundaries were purely derived from an imaginary concept by the process of the competition among Western colonizers to gain the economical edge. Therefore, the cooperation that we can see in this period of this region was not between one another, but rather towards external influence. And the conflict between the colonizers had fueled the sentiment towards fragmentation between each nation state. A good example would be the position of Tha iland who sits as a buffer state between the French in Indo-China and the British in Burma and Malaya. The movement that could indicate a certain level of interaction during the colonial period between member countries would be the struggle for independent movement against the colonizers. These interactions however were done in a very small level and tended to be in the underground. Colonization had brought Asia its creation of modern national identities, along with a strong sense of non-interference between states in this region. This is a clear example of how external forces played a significant influence upon the region.   As a result, an external conflict that Southeast Asian found itself upon would lead to an internal conflict in the region that will be potentially threatening during the post-war era. The rivalries between Thailand and Myanmar which had already been going on for the last fifty years along with current issues over the refugee and drug trafficking, the territor ial dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia over Sabah, and the genocidal conflict of Cambodia and Vietnam. These conflicts would prove to be issues that are obstacles for the regional body to climb. Nevertheless, the regional body had to be formed due to a-threatening-growing-Chinese-influences with the enthusiastic support by the U.S. in a plan to combated communism. Although it was form under a security purposes there was little progress towards the economical interactions. This is due to the external trading ties each member countries had already been involved in. Due to the colonial legacy in this region, countries tend to look upon trading partners outside the region. Intra-trading level was very low considering making up only twenty percent of the regional income. Theses different mind sets for both organizations will reflects towards the different organization structures, as we will discuss this on the next chapter of the paper.   We are going to take the different perspective view of the EC on its institutions that aided integration process and the theories behind EU integration.   ASEAN integration structure is not as varies as the EU but it is worth comparing it to the EU anyways. Integration Structures Supranational VS Authoritarianism Integration is a linkage between two or more independent actors to extend or broaden the authority through economic co-operations, losing sovereignty by changing domestic regulation and policy moving to the supranational body. The question here is why do some integration so successful and why do some don’t? The EU is one of the few organizations that had been successful with its integration. A big part of its success comes from its capability to establish institutions and policies that became clearly defined sets of rules. These sets of rules therefore became superior to domestic law of the member states of the Union. This structure that had been created by the European polity has given planting ground for intraregional trade and investment. And it had replaced and brought a war-torn Europe that was known for inner continental warfare and economic differentiations, prosperity and stability. But when comparing the EU’s success to ASEAN, it is too soon to determine if the ASEAN organization is a success or a failure. Although the ASEAN is trying to copy EU success by using and adapting to the methods used in Europe, the two regions are very different in terms of backgrounds creating their identities and the nature to co-operation between each other.    The difference level of success of any regionalism lays on it how much the regional actor can enforce their rules over national domestic law. This brings us to the institutionalization of integration. By joining the organization, state actors are expected to give up its sovereignty to the communal authority. With the case of the EU the institution that monitors the integration process is the European Court of Justice or the ECJ. The ECJ provides the jurisdiction over varies of actions, such as the actions brought to them by member states, or an individual within the community. It established the framework for the constitutionalization of the Treaty by providing links between the Court and sub national actors to their lawyers, and sub national courts. An example for this was the case of Gend and Loos in 1963 when their attempt to import goods did not fall in the legal framework of the Dutch government, but was accepted according to the Treaty of Rome, which was the product of the EU institutionalization. They have brought their case to the ECJ to determine whether they needed to follow the Dutch domestic law or the EU’s. As it turned out the Dutch government lost to the Rome regulations. This had marked the start of the EU as the correct regulation to be applied. It also marked the power of the regional body like the ECJ over the domestic national government such as the Dutch. This is one of many examples of how national government body had given up its power to the supranational authority. Therefore government has to react to the demand for integration. The court plays vital roles in monitoring and enforcing role in integration. The effectiveness of the EU lies on its ability in its enforcing mechanism. The Supremacy doctrines states that the EU has primacy over national legislation, while the Direct Effect doctrine provides the rights for the citizens of the member country the direct access to the EU court without having to go through the national government. Individuals can choose to take direct legal actions against their own government if the government fails to meet up with the rules that were agreed with the EU.   The direct intervention of the third party of a supranational institution such as the ECJ is one of the greatest successes of integration in Europe. There are numbers of different theories supporting the EU integrations in creating the supranational institution; the most common ones that are worth mentioning are theories of Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism, and Intergovernmentalism.   These are the theories circling the study of International relations that most political scientists have agreed upon.   Ã‚     Functionalism is an international relations theory that became widely known from president Woodrow Wilsons fourteen points speech. It expressed strong concern over the role of the State as a form of social organization that was becoming out of date and ineffective. It offers a counter view from that of Realism that view nation states should be driven by their own individual self-interest, functionalists’ focus on common shared interests by states and non-state actors. It view that functionalism is an effect of the process globalization which integration is triggered by the fading of state sovereignty and the advances in knowledge shared by scientists and experts effecting the tradition of policy-making.   Functionalism proposed to build a form of authority based in functions and needs, which linked authority with needs, scientific knowledge, expertise and technology, creating a supranational concept of authority.   The Coal and Steel Treaty is the evidence of the raise of a supranational body that was a product of Functionalism, which gave the body, controls and regulations to all of the coal and steel production of Western Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Neo-functionalists focused their attention in the process of integration among states, i.e. regional integration. Initially, states integrate in limited functional or economic areas.   Thereafter, partially integrated states experience increasing momentum for further rounds of integration in related areas. This invisible hand of integration phenomenon was termed spill-over. by the neo-functionalist school. Although integration can be resisted, it becomes harder to stop integrations reach as it progresses.   There are two kinds of â€Å"spill-over†, which are functional spillovers and political spillovers.   Functional spill over explains the interconnections between various economic sectors and issues areas.   Political spillover explains the setting up of international institutions like the European Union and the United Nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Intergovernmentalism is the theory arguing Neo-Functionalism, and rejects it.   According to Standley Hoffman, any increase in power at supranational level, he argues, results from a direct decision by governments. He believed that integration, driven by national governments, was often based on the domestic political and economic issues of the day. The theory rejects the concept of the â€Å"spill-over† effect that neo-functionalism proposes. He also rejects the idea that supranational organizations are on an equal level in their political influence as national governments.   His argument lays on the fact that if Neo-Functionalism is the main theory that drives integration, then how do you explain the period of inertia in regional co-operation when there was a diverge national interests.   And the role of governments is in the unparallel national policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Realism is the international study theory that explains the anarchy nature of international affair could be use to conceptualize Southeast Asian states.   McCormicks comparison between Functionalisms to Realism below could be use to characterized EU to ASEAN.   As the ASEAN nations tend to focus on military security in the early stage, the evidence in this is the non-interference agreement that was signed by each member states.   While the Coal and Steel Treaty aims to maintain peace and to promote prosperity from pooling of resources through co-operation between member states.   In turn, EU nations were trying to promote security by collaborating with each other while ASEAN was trying to maintain security through building domestic power by non-interference.   The nations of SEA make their policies with the use of military force and economy, while the EU uses negotiation.   ASEAN is also known for the lack of continuity of policies from the constant shift of control over the authority and power. The EU nations, on the other hand, focus on low politics like economical and social issues.   International organizations has very limited power because the states simply do not listen to them, in the contrary, in Europe the role of government is limiting as the international organization has power to regulates policies which governments has to obey.   These points clearly show the drastic contrast between the two organizations. Comparing Functionalism to Realism John McCormick compares Functionalisms fundamental principles with Realisms thus (comments added to emphasize key distinctions): Realism Functionalism Comments Dominant goals of actors Military security Peace and prosperity security through: Power vs collaboration Instruments of state policy Military force and economic instruments Economic instruments and political acts of will State policy of assertion vs negotiation Forces behind agenda formation Potential shifts in the balance of power and security threats Initial emphasis on low politics, such as economic and social issues Agenda sought: maintenance of position vs reaching consensus Role of international organizations Minor; limited by state power and the importance of military force

full monty :: essays research papers

Full Monty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Full Monty is a film which women fulfill their fantasies. Film is talking about a fantasy world where women are power holders and men are objects. Film is based on the idea that after hundred years of industrial reform, which was started on United Kingdom, modernized factories and high technology machines make blue-collar workers unemployed. Those unemployed Englishmen who are losing their power and becoming weak to women are trying to survive by strip teasing. Gaz, our main character should pay his wife to see his kid. Closed steel plants made Gaz and his friend unemployed. Machines took their place. They should fin something in order to survive. Their survival is to re-evaluation of their places in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to shape a new world definition, Feminist thought is making new fantasies everyday but as everyone knows it is hard to change the world order. I believe that in the Twenty-second century women will have more power, power of money and social power. It will not be power of women on men. Men will never be objects. Nowadays some women have jobs and men have not. But this does not change the world other way around. In the film a friend of Gaz says â€Å" Few more years and men will not exist.† In my opinion, this is a sentence that some women want to hear. In a free market people use their resources to produce what others want. Producers of Full Monty saw that there is a demand for a film where men are considered as objects. Whether the have jobs or not men will always be men. The film is not completely different from now. A man in the film states â€Å"My wife is out there spending with fucking MasterCard.† This man wants to find a men’s job to work, but there is no jobs available for his skills. In today’s world Men are in power women, who are said to be weak, are still spending with â€Å"fucking† MasterCard or Visa.

Differing Cultures

One society that significantly differs from the United States in terms of values and beliefs are the Chinese. Possibly the most significant difference between the two is that the Chinese is generally a conservative society while the United States is more liberal-minded. This is best shown in their attitude towards sex and religion, among many others. Based on recent survey and studies, there were a lot of Americans who have had sexual intercourse in their teenage years.In short, most Americans, particularly the youth, view sex as more of a casual thing as compared to the Chinese who have strict prohibitions regarding sex. Moreover, the Americans are more vocal about sex as well as other sensitive issues regarding race and gender, among others while the Chinese prefer not to talk about these issues publicly. In addition, the Chinese are more superstitious than the Americans. This is shown in their popular practices such as feng-shui and various rituals during death and marriage, to na me a few.Furthermore, the Chinese has a more preserved culture than the United States as shown in their various traditions that are still being practiced today. They also maintain and practice their cultural beliefs and principles no matter where they go, which is shown in the various â€Å"Chinatowns† across the world wherein the population is predominantly Chinese. On the other hand due to the United States’ cultural diversity, it is hard to determine exactly what their practices are except during holidays.Basically, the vast differences between the two societies can greatly affect marketing strategies and decisions since commercial companies and businesses, particularly the international ones, would always have to ensure that their advertisements would not offend a certain society. For example, it would be hard for a liberal product to penetrate markets in China or in Chinese societies if its advertisements contain things that are offensive to them. In other words, this difference in culture would more often than not alter marketing decisions in a way that would be fair to all cultures and societies.

Compare Chinese and Western education system Essay

Often hear such a story: Chinese parents with children to play in the park, when the child fell, most parents will choose immediately forward up children, coax him, don’t cry. Likewise, a question threw foreign parents; most of them will encourage children to stand up for you, and said he really brave. This story is small From this problem can peep out of Chinese and western education differences on children. Now let’s look at how foreign parents education of child. They advocate and guide the children independence. This independence contains many aspects. In money independence, even multimillionaire parents also won’t give children a penny, but certainly not appear to let their lavish situation, and they hope children can make your own money. This idea is to cultivate children good financial consciousness; While in emotional independence, they and child relationship is not their relatives, with more friends. Friend talks between won’t have estrangement, there is a generation gap. Parents mostly act as a listener and advisors, In the personality independence they most cases are not as â€Å"individualism† the executor of parents, they are more willing to listen to your child’s voice, rather than â€Å"the dictatorship†. Of course, this is only one aspect of the western children education. A true and affect their different life after a more critical aspects, like an advertisement of â€Å"person† interpretation: original human is in the same horizontal plane, then gap is more and more big. Why would be more and more big? But the gap is also? I think this one is thinking-mode difference. Remember someone said such a word, foreigners to study hard in order to graduation, while Chinese to study hard in order to enter university. This has the learning system is different, the teacher education students thinking-mode difference. Some people have novel and unique creative thinking, so efficiency quicker than anyone else, the effect is better than everybody else. Thinking mode, especially the unique creative way of thinking, have to grab from baby. In children’s education, Chinese using ShuiJiaoShi, namely, what is it that do what you should do, not what you should do and what should be done. As time passes, fostered not brains habit, because everything has oneself strong ‘back-bone’ life. Although err finishs STH, also have reason to vindication: daddy’s mama didn’t tell me, I won’t! When the child grow to a certain stage, thinking in some extent, has the stereotype, want again to innovation and less than others had a â€Å"lively† ah. As the â€Å"foundation didn’t play the jail, house also shell† same. Marx once said, â€Å"Chinese ancestors was precocious child, and Greek ancestor is normal children†. On children’s education about the lack of thinking, and our ancestors related. In early times of Confucius, when Greek ancestor is fantasy beautiful myth, our ancestors had â€Å"mature† rise, have write can let incorrectly can still fabled classic. Of course this is not to say that should abandon our ancestors ahead of his wisdom,

How to bond with your employees and boost their productivity

How to bond with your employees and boost their productivity Great bosses build relationships with their employees. You don’t have to be buddy-buddy with everyone in your office, but if you establish a rapport and communicate effectively with the people who work for you, you’ll foster a sense of trust and morale and create a better working environment for all. In fact, in a  recent survey, 60% of 1,000 full-time workers questioned said their relationship with their employer positively impacted their work productivity. Here are a few strategies for how you can create a relationship of trust and respect with your direct reports.Keep your door open.The more you make yourself accessible to your employees, the more comfortable they’ll feel stopping by to discuss things with you, bring up issues that come up during the day, or float great ideas your way. You’ll have a better idea of what’s going on if you’re not cooped up in your office alone. If you’re not sure how to encourage your employees to ra ndomly check in, try getting a candy jar for your desk!Schedule (and don’t ignore) weekly one-on-ones.Structured feedback on a regular basis can be invaluable to both you and your employees. Make time for a face-to-face meeting with each direct report where you can get on the same page about existing projects and listen to concerns (while expressing any of your own), and you’ll start to reap the benefits.Oftentimes, a recurring meeting on the calendar can get pushed aside or even ignored because it seems useless when you see each other all day, every day. Resist the urge to cancel or to let your employee cancel. Even if you just meet for 10 minutes, that quiet, scheduled check-in time is key to learning about your employees and getting a sense of how they’re really doing.Meet outside of the boss/employee context.You shouldn’t pretend to be on the same level as your employees- everyone knows the hierarchy, so you don’t want to seem like you’r e fooling anyone. Still, it’s okay to come down from your upper rung every now and then and let everyone in the workplace have an equal voice in the organization. Maybe schedule a brainstorming meeting where you, too, are responsible for coming up with ideas, or a weekly roundtable with the team where you all talk about the best thing that happened during the work week.Get together outside of the office.A few team-building activities outside of the office can go a very long way to helping you get to know your employees as actual people, not just in the context of their roles at work. Try a team lunch or a group volunteer project, and solicit ideas from the group. But please don’t make people give up their weekends- schedule this non-work outing a few times a year during working hours.Offer regular encouragement.Take an interest in the career development and job satisfaction of each direct report. When someone is doing a good job, take the time to let them know- a littl e positive reinforcement goes a long way. Send a quick email of praise when a particular project goes well. Send an annual (or monthly!) email reminding them of how much you appreciate their work. Make it clear to higher-ups when someone goes above and beyond. When your employees know you notice the little things, they’ll want to be on the ball every day.Don’t fake it.Above all else, you can’t fake it. Valuing your employees and making them a priority takes real effort and investment. If you halfheartedly make attempts to reach out every so often, everyone will know you don’t really mean it. But putting in the effort is worth it- the stronger, healthier relationships you’ll build will make everyone happier and more productive.

Nashville and its Origins essays

Nashville and its Origins essays Initially the land that occupied Nashville, Tennessee, was nothing other than an outpost for French fur traders around 1717. Just over sixty years later, on Christmas day 1779, the first permanent settlement of non-natives arrived under the leadership of an Englishman named James Robertson, to a place called French Lick, as he had been granted authority to expand North Carolina westward. It grew when more settlers arrived in April, and on April 24, 1784, the settlement, which at the time was a part of North Carolina, was named Fort Nashborough, in honor of the Revolutionary War general Francis Nash. Three years later, North Carolina named Davidson County for William Lee Davidson, another hero of the Revolution. The next year, in 1784, Fort Nashborough was renamed to Nashville in a legislative vote. The early settlers were harassed by Indian raids, until Robertson brokered a peace agreement in November 1794. In 1796, Tennessee earned the right to call itself a state, and sixteen years later, in 1812, Nashville enjoyed its first tenure as state capital. The capital then moved to Knoxville in 1815 and Murfreesboro in 1817. Finally, in 1826, Nashville regained its status as capital. The city was growing slowly, and in 1833 had 6,000 inhabitants. Ten years later, in 1843, the state legislature voted to make Nashville the permanent state capital of Tennessee. Due in large part to its designation as state capital, Nashvilles population grew more quickly over the next seventeen years, and by the dawn of the Civil War, Nashvilles inhabitants numbered seventeen thousand. The remainder of the century was a time of growth for Nashvilles economy, one of the major reasons for which was the railroad industry. The middle of the nineteenth century was a time of vast improvements in transportation, leading to economic growth throughout the country. Nashville was no exception. On December 4, 1951, the Tennessee Leg...

Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organized Crime - Essay Example Stefano’s leadership of the group collapsed in 1969 because of divided loyalties and in 1974; Stefano died of a heart attack (Kilpinen). This crime organization still operates actively in some parts of New York. Its membership has significantly decreased throughout the years; nevertheless, it is still a major crime organization. In order to investigate this crime organization, I would prosecute the members of the organization under the provisions of the 1970 Organized Crime Control Act, where Title IX is specified as RICO or Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization. RICO specifies various criminal activities in relation to organized crime which are punishable by the law. Activities include bribery, extortion, and murder (O’Connor, 2009). This law also decreased the minimum qualifications of conspiracy, enabling the prosecution of organized criminals even without meeting the strict qualifications of conspiracy. I would also prosecute them under RICO which would allow law enforcement officials to seize the assets, proceeds, and instrumentalities of their criminal activities (O’Connor, 2009). I would offer deals to the younger members of the organization for them to turn states’ witness and testify against the organization. I believe that these younger generations would be easier to c onvince than their older counterparts. Most of them are reluctant to face prison sentences as members of the organization and would prefer to get their lives out of the control of the organization (O’Connor, 2009). In the process of investigating the Buffalo Family, I would also call on the assistance of the Organized Crime Council who shall ask the assistance of other federal agencies like the FBI, DEA, ATF, ICE, IRS, Postal Security, Department of Labor, Diplomatic Security, and the Office of the Inspector General (Finklea, 2010). With all these agencies involved in the process of investigating the Buffalo Family, I would

Class oberservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class oberservation - Essay Example progressive education for our society. I went to the Academy of Saint Joseph Catholic School in Brentwood New York to observe first graders. I would have to say it was a great experience. Before I entered the class room, I had a conversation with the principal, Sister Kerry. She explained to me that each teacher had their own style of teaching and were allowed to express themselves in any way possible to get their children to learn. One thing that was extremely obvious was their school philosophy. As soon as you entered the school, there was an extremely large poster board. The underlying philosophy and rules of the organization of an idealistic system were very clear. It was a list of the things that they believed in, and what they wanted the children to focus on. Keeping all these in mind, I entered the class room where I was introduced to Ms. McGeiald. Once again the children were as cute as a button. I arrived early so the class was just getting started. The teacher explained to me that the children were working on their diaries – writing down complete sentences of the things they did over the holidays. At the beginning of the year, they started out with one sentence and now they were up to five.

Armenian Genocide Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Armenian Genocide - Annotated Bibliography Example He tells how he was able to evade all the killing and the many times he meet with death. The film is entertaining and full of Turkish information on genocide which is ideal for watching to college students who are interested with information on Turkish political nature during the time. This is a well written and researched historical account of all whole series of persecutions and massacres that made up of the Armenian genocide. This is a non fiction book which is ideal for those people who like being informed and have the facts of the Turkish massacre. The author of the book is lecturer in twentieth-century history. He addresses the origins, developments and the aftermath of the Armenian genocide in a more wide range which is based on secondary and primary sources from the parties which were involved in the genocide. Particular interest is paid to the international context of ethnic polarization that was far culminated in the massive life and property destruction of 1912-1923 in Turkey, and obliteration of Armenian. Additionally, the book finds its interpretation of the Armenian genocide in the interaction with the Ottoman Empire in its period of terminal decline. Nevertheless, if finds out that the self-interested policies of the existing European imperial powers and the agenda of Armenian nationalists and beyond ottoman victory. The books is a good source of information of the twentieth century history in Europe and more specifically Armenia it can be used from high school studies all the way to college level The author of the book was a survivor of the Armenian genocide. According to him, Talaat who was a minister of interior and the main mastermind of the genocide fled fro turkey to seek refuge in Germany where he carried on and also laboured for pan-Turkism. Talaat was tried in absentia by Turkish authorities and was also

Behavior and manners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Behavior and manners - Essay Example These events leave a strong impression upon one’s mind, which cannot be forgotten easily. Although I have proven to be a very good boy throughout my life, yet there is a regretful experience when I punched a person who was misbehaving with me. I ended up at police station. This experience is important for me as I learnt a very good lesson which benefitted me many a times after that. I was driving with my dad to the beach on a hot summer day when our car got stuck in traffic. It was a holiday and, thus, most of the people were out. Our car was at a signal. On green light, the driver in front of our car did not move. My dad has always been against rudeness but, still, he kept his nerves. We got out of the car, and went to the driver. I saw that he was trying to grab his cell phone from the back seat that his kid had thrown there. â€Å"Excuse me! The signal is green from ages. Will you mind moving? The whole traffic is waiting for you to move on, and you seem like not caring at all,† I asked him. â€Å"Yes, I will mind moving until I grab my phone. You’d better stay back,† he replied with much arrogance. â€Å"How rude that is!† I exclaimed, â€Å"Don’t you know you are bugging others in the line?† ... Move your car right now. I’m getting late.† Everyone was giving horns and shouting at us to move. I could see all other drivers staring at us. The man had found his phone by then. He grabbed the phone while still shouting at his kids. He gave us a wave with his hand with a look as if trying to tell us to shut up. I heard him say, â€Å"Piss off, you son-of-a-bitch!† â€Å"What did you just say?† I was infuriated like hell. â€Å"You would know if you were travelling with little kids in the car, you rascal!† shouted the man while trying to concentrate upon his keys. That enraged me even more. My dad held my arm and told me not to indulge in quarrel. But I would not get convinced after the man called me names. When he turned his ignition on, I jumped at him, and punched him hard on his face. He came out of the car fuming with anger; but till then, a couple of passengers had come between us. Two policemen arrived at the scene. I was not expecting such a big scene. All that happened within fifteen minutes. However, I landed at the police station, where my dad tried to argue with the policemen. Eventually, I was fined. The worst thing is that I had disappointed my dad very much. I regretted behaving so uncivil to hit a man. I knew that mom was going to be furious at me. When I came home, mom got angry when she came to know. Both dad and mom had a hard talk with me, and dad said that he would not let me drive a car ever again if I continued to be that uncivil. He had forgotten how that driver had behaved with me, but he remembered my incivility. That was the moment I got familiar with regret. I had never regretted anything in my life. It was the first instance that invoked regret in me. But, here’s the good part. I

Anne Hutchinson versus Massachuetts byWellington Newcomb Essay

Anne Hutchinson versus Massachuetts byWellington Newcomb - Essay Example These meetings were even called the dissident meeting that aimed to criticize and maybe even overthrow the current religion. According to the prosecutor, whose speech is represented in the article, Anne was guilty of the most insolent crime of that time. She dared to doubt the church interpretation of the Bible and gave her own understanding of it. A very interesting fact is that Anne considered John Cotton, a local priest, to be her teacher. She valued his sermons and his understanding of religion greatly. He was the true teacher who lit the light of true God’s words to her. However, while she was waiting support from him, since she followed his way of teaching and spreading faith, he turned out to be just a coward and nothing else. She was accused of spreading information that only few priests truly understood God’s words, and among those was the name of father Cotton. After the first session of the trial Anne was put into prison to think over her decision and actions. In a month she stood before the court again. This time the committee was headed by father Cotton. He claimed that she was a sinner, since she dared to doubt the truthfulness of the Puritan church. The main idea of the article is to demonstrate that pioneers in any sphere are usually punished and misunderstood. She was the first woman who initiated the feminism school in religion. In those times a woman was considered to be unworthy of teaching Holly Bible, and what is even worse she was teaching men. A woman was demanded only to visit church and behave as a true puritans. Trying to defend herself, Anne explained that there are some obvious mistakes in the Bible. For example, she says that Puritanism gives wrong instructions to salvation. A person can behave not always right, but he will then get to Heaven. Vice a verse, being a good puritan does not guarantee being with God after death. She also maintained that she never spread the

Marketing Segmentation - Demographic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Segmentation - Demographic - Essay Example The inclinations of the consumers are different for the same goods and services produced in the economy. Thus, it becomes crucial to categorize or segregate the buyers possessing same characteristic features of tastes and preferences. This process of grouping buyers in terms of several common determinants is known as market segmentation (Wind and Douglas, 1972). Market Segmentation It is believed by many scholars that market segmentation is an alternative of product differentiation. In today’s world, market segmentation plays a vital role for formulating all marketing strategies adopted by a firm. It creates different samples of buyers with same type of demand patterns that helps a company in designing separate marketing plans for each group and thereby facilitates them to win over customer loyalty for all the divisions. A particular market can be divided or categorized according to psychological, demographics, geographic and behavioral determinants. A proper marketing mix for mulated by a firm would help it to suffice the demands of each segment separately, in an economic and efficient manner. This paper will implicitly explain the concept of market segmentation based on demographics (McDonald, 2012). ... raphic determinants, an organization can create excellent strategies of marketing that would help it to park potential customer base in its retail segment. It becomes very convenient to apply demographic methodology of market segmentation because it is easy to calculate the demographic variables during the procedure of market segmentation. Moreover, the factors on the basis of which demographic market segmentation is introduced can generally be used for almost all the products (Tyan, 1987). Life-cycle and Age It is analyzed by the economists that the nature of demand created by a buyer changes with age and time in the life-cycle process. The companies while making their business plans target consumers on the basis of age to sell their manufactured products. If a firm produces land line telephones, then it should realize that the potential buyers of such a product would be consumers of age group 60 years and above. This is because the old consumers will have less skill to use modern c omplicated technologies in the mobile phones. On the other hand, it would be wrong on the part of the company to analyze that the buyers of landline phones would be young in age in general. So the market is segmented on the basis of landline and mobile phones, age and life-cycle becomes a vital mode of market segmentation (Hoek, Gendall, and Esslemont, 1995). Gender There is a significant difference in the likings of men and women. Thus, while marketing a product a company must first segregate the marketplace on the basis of sex. Men and women possess separate attitudes about same type of a commodity. Companies dealing with cosmetics, magazines etc should always segment their market while launching marketing strategies and plans. Like, if a company desires to sell a foundation base in

Behavior and manners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Behavior and manners - Essay Example These events leave a strong impression upon one’s mind, which cannot be forgotten easily. Although I have proven to be a very good boy throughout my life, yet there is a regretful experience when I punched a person who was misbehaving with me. I ended up at police station. This experience is important for me as I learnt a very good lesson which benefitted me many a times after that. I was driving with my dad to the beach on a hot summer day when our car got stuck in traffic. It was a holiday and, thus, most of the people were out. Our car was at a signal. On green light, the driver in front of our car did not move. My dad has always been against rudeness but, still, he kept his nerves. We got out of the car, and went to the driver. I saw that he was trying to grab his cell phone from the back seat that his kid had thrown there. â€Å"Excuse me! The signal is green from ages. Will you mind moving? The whole traffic is waiting for you to move on, and you seem like not caring at all,† I asked him. â€Å"Yes, I will mind moving until I grab my phone. You’d better stay back,† he replied with much arrogance. â€Å"How rude that is!† I exclaimed, â€Å"Don’t you know you are bugging others in the line?† ... Move your car right now. I’m getting late.† Everyone was giving horns and shouting at us to move. I could see all other drivers staring at us. The man had found his phone by then. He grabbed the phone while still shouting at his kids. He gave us a wave with his hand with a look as if trying to tell us to shut up. I heard him say, â€Å"Piss off, you son-of-a-bitch!† â€Å"What did you just say?† I was infuriated like hell. â€Å"You would know if you were travelling with little kids in the car, you rascal!† shouted the man while trying to concentrate upon his keys. That enraged me even more. My dad held my arm and told me not to indulge in quarrel. But I would not get convinced after the man called me names. When he turned his ignition on, I jumped at him, and punched him hard on his face. He came out of the car fuming with anger; but till then, a couple of passengers had come between us. Two policemen arrived at the scene. I was not expecting such a big scene. All that happened within fifteen minutes. However, I landed at the police station, where my dad tried to argue with the policemen. Eventually, I was fined. The worst thing is that I had disappointed my dad very much. I regretted behaving so uncivil to hit a man. I knew that mom was going to be furious at me. When I came home, mom got angry when she came to know. Both dad and mom had a hard talk with me, and dad said that he would not let me drive a car ever again if I continued to be that uncivil. He had forgotten how that driver had behaved with me, but he remembered my incivility. That was the moment I got familiar with regret. I had never regretted anything in my life. It was the first instance that invoked regret in me. But, here’s the good part. I

Marketing Segmentation - Demographic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Segmentation - Demographic - Essay Example The inclinations of the consumers are different for the same goods and services produced in the economy. Thus, it becomes crucial to categorize or segregate the buyers possessing same characteristic features of tastes and preferences. This process of grouping buyers in terms of several common determinants is known as market segmentation (Wind and Douglas, 1972). Market Segmentation It is believed by many scholars that market segmentation is an alternative of product differentiation. In today’s world, market segmentation plays a vital role for formulating all marketing strategies adopted by a firm. It creates different samples of buyers with same type of demand patterns that helps a company in designing separate marketing plans for each group and thereby facilitates them to win over customer loyalty for all the divisions. A particular market can be divided or categorized according to psychological, demographics, geographic and behavioral determinants. A proper marketing mix for mulated by a firm would help it to suffice the demands of each segment separately, in an economic and efficient manner. This paper will implicitly explain the concept of market segmentation based on demographics (McDonald, 2012). ... raphic determinants, an organization can create excellent strategies of marketing that would help it to park potential customer base in its retail segment. It becomes very convenient to apply demographic methodology of market segmentation because it is easy to calculate the demographic variables during the procedure of market segmentation. Moreover, the factors on the basis of which demographic market segmentation is introduced can generally be used for almost all the products (Tyan, 1987). Life-cycle and Age It is analyzed by the economists that the nature of demand created by a buyer changes with age and time in the life-cycle process. The companies while making their business plans target consumers on the basis of age to sell their manufactured products. If a firm produces land line telephones, then it should realize that the potential buyers of such a product would be consumers of age group 60 years and above. This is because the old consumers will have less skill to use modern c omplicated technologies in the mobile phones. On the other hand, it would be wrong on the part of the company to analyze that the buyers of landline phones would be young in age in general. So the market is segmented on the basis of landline and mobile phones, age and life-cycle becomes a vital mode of market segmentation (Hoek, Gendall, and Esslemont, 1995). Gender There is a significant difference in the likings of men and women. Thus, while marketing a product a company must first segregate the marketplace on the basis of sex. Men and women possess separate attitudes about same type of a commodity. Companies dealing with cosmetics, magazines etc should always segment their market while launching marketing strategies and plans. Like, if a company desires to sell a foundation base in

The Navy Offers Better Job Benefits Than Civilian Jobs Essay Example for Free

The Navy Offers Better Job Benefits Than Civilian Jobs Essay Basic Thesis The Navy job gives more benefits than any civilian job. The Navy cares of its sailors. On enrolling, sailors will get an impressive array of benefits design to keep them healthy, comfortable and safe. The most distinguished part is that all of these previliges are above and beyond   Navy pay and grant. Health Benefits11 Two words — complete exposure. One other fringe benefit for on job Naval presonnels a is the complete healthcare exposure they get at all armed forces hospitals and dental benefits. If any one type of precise assistance were not obtainable, you would get a recommendation to where you require to go. This would also be included by Navy’s healthcareplan. Anytime there is any emergency or medical problem, visit neighboring medical benefit. Once a command has been reported to, the serviceman will be alloted a basic care physician, who can be a Navy doctor or a civilian physician. (Conway and Susan, 1990) Salary Benefits If the serviceman are searching for a occupation that offers him with much more than a only a salary, then the Navy is the place. Additionally to base pay, the Navy provides: Living lodgings or housing grant Free of cost dining assistances or food grant A uniform grant Complete healthcare benefits Additionally, Sailors at few duty stations are eligible for additional Cost of Living Grant (COLAs). When the serviceman add it all up,   pay in the Navy will be accumulate to much more than the similar pay in a civilian job where   basic requires aren’t already included. Job Guarantee The Navy offers excellent job guarantee. When the serviceman sign   bond with the Navy, it also signs one with the serviceman. The Navy assures to give the serviceman the training the serviceman require and put the serviceman in positions where the serviceman will be dared and can excel. The Navy assures to let the serviceman develop   management skills. And the more the serviceman give to the Navy, the more is returned by the Navy to the serviceman. (Conway and Susan, 1990) Employers will have strong incentives to hire the serviceman since the serviceman will have both excellent training and hands-on experience under   belt. Whilst in the Navy, the serviceman will learn both how to direct and how to implement the orders from seniors, allowing the serviceman to move into a range of positions. The character, sincerity and individual qualities developed whilst in the Navy are appealing to most employers. Family Benefits By enrolling the Navy family, the serviceman provide benefits for   family too. If the serviceman are married, with or without children, the serviceman can count on the Navy to care for the serviceman care for   family. First is the guarantee of a Navy job. Then there is the closeness of the Navy society — even if the serviceman are away from home, the Navy provides a strong support system for   family. And the quality of life in armed forces housing is exceptional. The Navy also provides the serviceman and   family housing and medical care. The serviceman can live on base or get a housing grant to live in an off-base house or flat of choice. Living on base offers perks same as residing in a gated society: guarantee, safety, cleanliness and a friendly, open environment. They are also constructed with the ease of the residents in mind. Wherever in the world the serviceman are stationed, the serviceman will find all the comforts of home: theaters, libraries, schools, day care and places of worship to say some. In short, living on a Navy base is no different from living in any civil society in America. Travel The Navy is a great way to explore the world, though there is frequently additional to see than the serviceman can get to. In the Navy, the serviceman get a chance to travel even when the serviceman’re not aboard ship. The Navy’s fantastic travel benefits begin with time off. Sailors get 30 days of paid leave annually. That’s a complete month throughout which the serviceman can relax, visit family — or travel to new places. It is easier to go places than the serviceman might imagine. Sailors can travel on armed forces flights around the world for free of cost on a standby, space–obtainable basis. If there is space on a flight going   way, the serviceman can get aboard. Additionally, as an active-duty member of the armed forces, the serviceman will often be qualified to reside in base lodging anywhere in the world. This includes lodging at any armed forces benefit, not only at the Navy’s, usually at a cost much lower than the serviceman would find at a hotel off base. Retirement When the serviceman decide to leave the Navy, the serviceman will continue getting assistance as a Navy expert. This can include the assistances of the Experts Administration in terms of finding job or schooling, no-money-down and low interest loans for new homebuyers, special hiring for government jobs, and receiving of Montgomery G. I. Bill money for school if the serviceman decide to contribute throughout enlistment. If the serviceman make the Navy   profession,   retirement benefits will be far greater. The serviceman will get generous retirement pay, and the serviceman will continue to get medical perviliges and on-base shopping benefits similar to those the serviceman enjoyed whilst on duty. Education The Navy emphasis a lot of importance on education. The Navy supports all Sailors to carry their education. To care for the serviceman, the Navy offers fund for college, means to pay off student credit debts, and also offers college classes on ships and bases. References Conway, Terry L. and Woodruff, Susan I. (1990) Perceived Quality of Life and Health-Related Correlates among Men Aboard Navy Ships; Armed forces Psychology. Volume: 2. Issue: 2. Pg 79.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethernet

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethernet A 10Base2, or thin Ethernet, network uses thin 3/16-inch coaxial cable (with 50-ohm) impedance for the network backbone. Thin coaxial cable is much easier to prepare and install than thick Ethernet cable which means transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments. 10Base5: 10Base5 uses thick coaxial cable. This version is the original Ethernet. It can operate at up to 10 Mbps and support cable segments of up to 500 meters which uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment. It is also known as thick Ethernet or ThickNet. 10Base-T: 10BaseT is a baseband 802.3-based Ethernet network that uses unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable and a star topology. This version can operate at up to 10 Mbps which uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling. It is also known as twisted-pair Ethernet or UTP Ethernet. Features: 10BASE-T uses Manchester-encoding over two unshielded twisted-pair cables. The early implementations of 10BASE-T used Cat3 cabling. However, Cat5 or later cabling is typically used today. 10 Mbps Ethernet is considered to be classic Ethernet and uses a physical star topology. Ethernet 10BASE-T links could be up to 100 meters in length before requiring a hub or repeater. 10BASE-T uses two pairs of a four-pair cable and is terminated at each end with an 8-pin RJ-45 connector. The pair connected to pins 1 and 2 are used for transmitting and the pair connected to pins 3 and 6 are used for receiving. The figure shows the RJ45 pin out used with 10BASE-T Ethernet. 10BASE-T is generally not chosen for new LAN installations. However, there are still many 10BASE-T Ethernet networks in existence today. The replacement of hubs with switches in 10BASE-T networks has greatly increased the throughput available to these networks and has given Legacy Ethernet greater longevity. The 10BASE-T links connected to a switch can support either half-duplex or full-duplex operation. Advantages: Since each node on a 10 Base-T network has its own cable connecting it to a central hub, it is far less likely that any node can cause the entire network to fail. The hub also has a partitioning function built into it which allows it to detect a problem on any of its ports. If a problem is found, the node is disconnected from the rest of the network. This isolates the problem until the node can be troubleshot and repaired. Because of the partitioning function built in to the hubs and the star-wired topology, it is generally easy to troubleshoot a 10 Base-T network. In a worst-case scenario, one can be troubleshot by simply disconnecting nodes from the hub one at a time until the network recovers. Usually, the hub will give an indication as to which node is causing a problem, allowing the technician to troubleshoot that node as opposed to spending many hours finding where the problem is. Disadvantages: 10 Base-T only allows distances from the hub to the node of 100 meters. In some installations, this can be a major problem if nodes need to be located farther away. The nature of UTP cable makes it considerably more sensitive to electrical noise than coaxial cable. Generally, this rules 10 Base-T out as an option for installations on factory floor environments or other locations with a high ambient noise level. What are the different types of networking / internetworking devices? Explain the basic features of these devices. Following are the networking / internetworking devices with their basic features. Network Router: A network device, typically connected to a range of LAN and WAN interfaces, that forwards packets based on their destination IP address. Routers receives an incoming frame, discards the data-link header and trailer, makes a forwarding decision based on the destination IP address, adds a new data-link header and trailer based on the outgoing interface, and forwards the new frame out the outgoing interface. Network Repeater: A repeater is a physical layer device. It receives, amplifies (regenerates) and retransmits signals in both directions. As far as the software is concerned, a series of cable segments connected by repeaters is not different from a single cable (except by some delay introduced by repeaters). A system may contain multiple cable segments and multiple repeaters. But no two transceivers may be more than 2.5 km apart and no path between any two transceivers may be traverse more than four repeaters. Bridge: A bridge is a data link layer device which is used to connect multiple LANs. It examines the data link layer addresses to do routing. Since they are not supposed to examine the payload field of the frames they route, they can transport IPV4, IPV6, Apple Talk, ATM, OSI or any other kinds of packets. Gateway: A gateway can translate information between different network data formats or network architectures. Suppose a computer using the connection-oriented TCP/IP protocol needs to talk to a computer using the connection-oriented ATM transport protocol. The gateway can copy the packets from one connection to the other, reformatting them as need be. Switches: Switches are similar to bridges in that both route on frame addresses. In fact, many people use the terms interchangeably. The main difference is that a switch is most often used to connect individual computers. As a consequence, when a computer wants to send a frame to another the bridge gets the frame but just discards it. But the switch must actively forward the frame to other because there is no other way for the frame to get there. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses? Evaluate each class of logical addresses. There are five IP address classes, following table show each class and the range of addresses. Class Beginning Address Ending Address A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 In Class A through Class E. each is used with a different type of network. The address classes reflect the size of the network, and whether the packet is unicast or multicast. In the unicast method of transmission, one copy of each packet is sent to each target destination. If there are eight workstations designated to receive a packet, such as a portion of a video clip, then it is transmitted eight times. In the multicast method, the recipients are placed in a group, such a group of all eight workstations. Only one packet is sent to the group, via a router or switch, which then packet to each group members. Class A is used for the largest networks composed of up to 16,777,216 nodes. Class A networks are identified by a value between 1 and 126 in the first position of the dotted decimal address. The network ID is the first 8 bits and the host ID is the last 24 bits. Class B is for medium-sized network composed of up to 65,536 nodes and it is identified by the first octet of bits ranging from decimal 128 to 191. The first two octets are the network ID, and the last two are the host ID. Class C addresses are used for network communication on small networks of 256 nodes or less. The first octet translates to a decimal value in the range of 192 to 223 and the network ID is contained in first 24 bits, while the host ID is contained in the last 8 bits. Class D addresses do not reflect the network size, only that the communication is a multicast. Unlike Classes A through C, the four octets are used to specify a group of nodes to receive the multicast, which consists of those nodes that are multicast subscription members. Class E is used for experimentation and address range from 240 to 239.255.255.255 in the first octet. Task 2 What is Bandwidth? Explain the other factors for network communications. Network bandwidth is the measure of the data carrying capacity of the network. When simultaneous communications are attempted across the network, the demand for network bandwidth can exceed its availability. The obvious fix for this situation is to increase the amount of available bandwidth. But, because of the previously stated constraints, this is not always possible. In most cases, when the volume of packets is greater than what can be transported across the network, devices queue the packets in memory until resources become available to transmit them. Queuing packets causes delay. If the number of packets to be queued continues to increase, the memory queues fill up and packets are dropped. The characteristics of the information being communicated also affect its management. For example, the delivery of a movie uses a relatively large amount of network resources when it is delivered continuously without interruption. Other types of service e-mail, for example are not nearly as demanding on the network. In one company, an administrator might decide to allocate the greatest share of the network resources to the movie, believing that this is the priority for his customers. This administrator may decide that the impact will be minimal if e-mail users have to wait a few additional seconds for their e-mail to arrive. In another company, the quality of a video stream is not as important as critical process control information that operates the manufacturing machinery. What is Physical address and what is the difference between Physical address and Logical address? Explain it in detail. The Physical address is specific on the local network and it represents the address of the end device on the physical media. In an Ethernet using LAN, this address is also called as Media Access Control address. On the local Ethernet network, when two end devices communicate, the frames that are exchanged between them contain the destination and source Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. It is in hexadecimal notation assigned by manufacturer. This address is much like postal address because it enables communication to be sent to specific destination. Physical address is 48-bit address burned into the ROM of the NIC card which is a Layer 1 device of the OSI model. This is divided into 24-bit vendor code and 24-bit serial address. This is unique for each system and cannot be changed. While the logical address is a 32- bit address assigned to each system in a network. This works in Layer3 of OSI Model which is generally called IP address. What is the difference between Layer 1, Layer 2 and Layer 3 devices? Describe it according to the Layers features. OSI model have 7 layers which perform many different functions. Every layer has its own unique features and function and a device which help the layers to work properly. Layer 1 is called Physical layer which consists of hardware, developed by engineers, in the form of electronic circuitry, media, and connectors. Therefore, it is appropriate that the standards governing this hardware are defined by the relevant electrical and communications engineering organizations. By comparison, the protocols and operations of the upper OSI layers are performed by software and are designed by software engineers and computer scientists. As we saw in a previous chapter, the services and protocols in the TCP/IP suite are defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFCs. Hardware components such as network adapters (NICs), interfaces and connectors, cable materials, and cable designs are all specified in standards associated with the Physical layer. Layer 2 is called Data Link layer and its services and specifications are defined by multiple standards based on a variety of technologies and media to which the protocols are applied. Some of these standards integrate both Layer 2 and Layer 1 services. A hub is an example of a layer 2 device. Switches are generally considered layer 2 devices, but many are capable of operating at layers 3, 4 or higher. Router is the Layer 3 device. The role of the router is to select paths for and direct packets toward their destination. This process is known as routing. During the routing through an internetwork, the packet may traverse many intermediary devices. Each route that a packet takes to reach the next device is called a hop. As the packet is forwarded, its contents (the Transport layer PDU), remain intact until the destination host is reached. Task 3 Explain 7 OSI layers briefly and define Router, Switch, and Bridge. Explain about encryption decryption. OSI Layers: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model was initially designed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that provides a framework on which to build a suite of open systems protocols. The objective was that this set of protocols would be used to develop an independent international network that would not be dependent on proprietary systems. Unfortunately, due to the rate at which it expanded, and the speed at which the TCP/IP based Internet was adopted, the OSI Protocol Suite development and acceptance lagged behind. Although few of the protocols, which are in widespread use today, are developed by using the OSI specifications, the major contribution has been made by the seven-layer OSI model in the development of other products and protocols for all types of new networks. The OSI model provides an extensive list of functions and services as a reference model that can occur at each layer. It also depicts the interaction of each layer with the directly above and below layers. No. Layer Name Description 7 Application Performs services for the applications used by the end users. 6 Presentation Perform data format information to the application. For example, the presentation layer tells the application layer whether there is encryption or whether it is s .jgp picture. 5 Session Manages sessions between users. For example, the session layer will synchronize multiple web sessions and voice and video data in web conferences. 4 Transport Defines data segments and numbers them at the source, transfers the data and reasonable the data at the destination. 3 Network Creates and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery through intermediary devices in other networks. 2 Data Link Creates and addresses frames for host-to-host delivery on the local LANs and between WAN devices. 1 Physical Transmits binary data over media between devices. Physical layer protocols define media specifications. Router: A network device, connected to a range of WAN and LAN interfaces that sends packets according to their destination IP address. Routers acquires an incoming frame, puts away the data-link header and trailer, makes a forwarding decision based on the destination IP address, adds a new data-link header and trailer based on the outgoing interface, and forwards the new frame out the outgoing interface. Switch: Switches are similar to bridges in that both route on frame addresses. In fact, many people use the terms interchangeably. The main dissimilarity is that a switch is commonly used to connect one-on-one computers. As a consequence, when a computer wants to send a frame to another the bridge gets the frame but just discards it. But the switch must actively forward the frame to other because there is no other way for the frame to get there. Bridge: A bridge is a data link layer device which is used to connect multiple LANs. It examines the data link layer addresses to do routing. Since they are not supposed to examine the payload field of the frames they route, they can transport IPV4, IPV6, Apple Talk, ATM, OSI or any other kinds of packets. Encryption: The process of obscuring information to make to unreadable without special knowledge, sometimes referred to as scrambling. The process takes the data to be encrypted and applies a mathematical formula to it along with a secret number (called an encryption key). The resulting value, which is called an encryption packet, is sent through a network. Decryption: It is the process of decoding data the back to its original form by giving that encryption key.

Ortho Tri-Cyclen and Acne Essay -- Medicine Medical Birth Control Pape

Ortho Tri-Cyclen and Acne What does Ortho Tri-Cyclen do for the treatment of acne and how does it work? In 1960, the medical world of the United States was revolutionized by the introduction of The Pill. For the past forty years, The Pill has been the most popular form of reversible birth control. But beside the stellar contraceptive effectiveness rate ranging from 97-99.9% (when taken as directed), many other non-contraceptive benefits exist in conjunction with this method of birth control. Studies have proven that a women’s incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancers, benign cysts of the ovaries and breasts, and pelvic inflammatory disease, all decrease with pill use. Heavy bleeding and severe cramps are also minimized (www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00027.html). Recent claims state that birth control may also effectively treat some types of acne. Though, back in 1966, The Rocky Mountain Medical Journal published an article illustrating the effectiveness of estrogen-progestin combination in the treatment of stubborn acne, and maintaining that the cyclic admin istration of oral contraception is a useful measure for many women. It was not until January 2, 1997 that marked another big step in the world of the birth control pill when, for the first time, an oral contraceptive was approved for marketing by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an effective treatment for acne. Ortho Tri-Cyclen, originally introduced in 1992 by the Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical Corporation, is the first low dose birth control pill approved for a noncontraceptive indication. (www.pslgroup.com/dg/fa6a/htm.) Ortho Tri-Cyclen is the only birth control pill that has been clinically proven for the treatment of mo... ... acne vulgaris. Journal of American Acad Dermatology, 37(5Pt1), 746-54 Olson WH, Lippman JS, Robisch DM, (1998). The duration of response to norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Internal Journal of Fertil Womens Med, 43(6), 286-90 Redmond GP, (1998). Effectiveness of oral contraceptives in the treatment of acne, Contraception, 58(3 Suppl), 29S-33S Redmond GP, Olson WH, Lippman JS, Kafrissen ME, Jones TM, Jorizzo JL, (1997). Norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a radomized, placebo controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 89(4), 615-22 Van Hoff MH, Hirasing RA, Kaptein MB, Koppenaal C, Voorhorst FJ, Schoemaker J, (1998). The use of oral contraceptives by adolescents for contraception, menstrual cycle problems or acne. Acta Obstetrics and Gynecol Scand, 77(9), 898-904

Himalayan Herders: The Significance of Latitudinality Essay -- Cultura

Himalayan Herders: The Significance of Latitudinality Melvyn Goldstein and Donald Messerschmidt, the authors of "The Significance of Latitudinality in Himalayan Mountain Ecosystems" argues that the altitude oriented "mixed mountain agriculture" model where mountain people move to higher altitudes in the summer and lower ones in the summer does not accurately reflect many areas of the Himalayans (Goldstein and Messerschmidt, 117). Instead, latitudinality lies at the core of cultural adaptation to the high altitude mountain ecosystem for many native Nepalese (Goldstein and Messerschmidt, 126). Of the three studied Nepalese regions (Limi, Ghaisu and Bhot Khola), latitudinal movement is just as important and common as latitudinal movements for the local inhabitants. The authors’ illustrate the point that in some Himalayan areas, the people do not depend on altitude variation, but use latitudinal (north-south) habitats to create "habitat and production zones" (Goldstein et. al, 120). In the Mountainous areas of Limi, Ghaisu and Bhot Khola, even the sons of snow (Yaks) will not survive the winter snow. To escape the snow, the people and their herds migrate only 50 to 75 miles south to pasture-land not covered by snow. This 50 to 75 mile trek is strictly latitudinal as they do not descend in elevation. These southern wintering grounds provide more grasses for grazing because of a more moderate climate. This latitudinal adjustment is central to the success of pastoralism. Animal husbandry and agriculture are also important activities in the Limi, Ghaisu, and Bhot Khola regions. For example, agriculture is considered to be the foundation of Limis’ economy. However, because of high altitudes, agriculture cannot be expanded ... ...y and its effects on pastoralism and agriculture. For example, Melemchi herders use different vertical zones throughout the year as grazing land for their animals. The book spurred a few questions of uncertainty about the article. Bishop thoroughly described the recent trend in which Nepalese men sell their herds and for many months abandon their family to try and make cash in an unskilled job in India. This insight makes the reader realize that the few isolated regions studied in Goldstein and Messerschmidt’s article are not typical communities even in the mountainous and rural country of Nepal. Works Cited Bishop, Naomi. Himalayan Herders. Texas, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998. Goldstein, Melvyn and Donald Messerschmidt. "The Significance of Latitudinality in Himalayan Mountain Ecosystems." Human Ecology, Vol. 8. No. 2, 1980:117-133.

Describe the global distribution of earthquakes Essay

According to plate tectonics, the global distribution of epicentres is related to boundaries between lithospheric plates. Earthquakes at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes. Less commonly, earthquakes also take place in plate interiors and these are called intraplate earthquakes. The most active region in the world corresponds to the margins of the Pacific Ocean. Earthquakes with large magnitudes take place along this zone in the Americas from the Aleutian Islands to southern Chile and from the Kamchatka peninsula in Asia to New Zealand. Besides shallow earthquakes, throughout most of this long region, intermediate and deep shocks take place along the margin of Central and South America and on the other side of the Pacific along the systems of island arcs (Aleutians, the Kuriles, Japan the Philippines) Another large seismically active region is known as the Mediterranean-Alpine-Himalayas region and extends from West to East from the Azores to the eastern coast of Asia. This region is related to the boundary between the plates of Eurasia to the North and Africa, Arabia, and India–Australia to the South. Its seismicity involves shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. A third seismic region is formed by earthquakes located on ocean ridges that form the boundaries of oceanic plates, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, etc. In these regions earthquakes of shallow depths are concentrated in relatively narrow bands following the trend of the oceanic ridges. In general, boundaries between oceanic plates and between oceanic and continental plates have simpler distributions of seismicity than do boundaries between continental plates. Name two pieces of evidence that can be used to show the scale of the hazard at any one place. Comment on the reliability of such evidence. The most well known method of measuring the intensity of an earthquake is the Richter scale. The Richter scale is named after an American seismologist named Charles Francis Richter, and measures the amount of energy released at the focus of a quake. It uses a logarithmic scale that runs from â€Å"1† to â€Å"9. † Because this scale is logarithmic, each number is actually an increase of ten times than the number which precedes it. Thus, a 7. 0 earthquake is ten times more powerful than a 6. 0 and 100 times more powerful than a 5. 0. To allow a greater degree of precision, a decimal equivalent was provided. At one time it was believed that an earthquake with a magnitude of 8. 5 was the most powerful possible but new seismic measuring techniques have revealed that it is possible to reach 9. 5. This is reliable source as to how destructive an earthquake can be, although it does not specifically relate to how much damage will be caused, for example a less economically developed area which has a high population density will suffer greater loss than a more economically developed area which has better education, more stable buildings and emergency plans as well as sufficient communication. The intensity of an earthquake is a more reliable source of evidence as to how destructive an earthquake has been. Intensity of an earthquake depends on the distance from epicentre, and also on the local soil conditions, geology and topography. In a typical case, however, the largest intensity is observed in the vicinity of epicentre and it diminishes with the distance. It measures the total number of deaths and building failures. I believe this is more reliable as it measures the direct effect of the earthquake, for example, the total destruction of the land etc if directly proportional to the intensity and does not take into account the land use. Describe the effects of the hazard in the areas where it occurs. How earthquakes affect humans, buildings, and bridges depends on many factors. The most important factors are earthquake magnitude, the distance from the earthquake centre (called the epicentre), and the geologic conditions at a site Primary effects of earthquakes are caused directly by the earthquake and can include violent ground shaking motion accompanied by surface rupture and permanent displacement. The most significant societal impact of the Kobe earthquake was the tremendous loss of human life. In addition, for more than 300,000 survivors in the heavily impacted cities of Kobe, Ashiya, and Nishinomiya who were displaced from their homes, there were the hardships of finding shelter; securing food and water; locating friends and family members; and acquiring warm clothing for the cold, damp winter weather. Although relatives and friends took some of the displaced people in, and others possessed the means to relocate to hotels, those requiring emergency shelter reached a peak of 235,443 on the evening of January 17. Many camped in public parks or assembled makeshift shelters from materials salvaged from the wreckage of their homes. The 1,100 shelters included community centres, schools, and other available and undamaged public buildings. Facilities were too few to avoid severe crowding in some shelters, however, causing sanitation problems and increased risk of communicable disease. Indeed, two weeks after the earthquake, reports of influenza and pneumonia were common. Food, water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, and warm clothing were in short supply for at least the first few days after the earthquake, and many people from the hardest-hit wards made the long walk to the Nishinomiya Railway Station, journeyed to Osaka for necessities, then returned via rail with whatever they were able to transport by hand. Short-term secondary effects of earthquakes include liquefaction, landslides, fires, seismic sea waves (tsunami), and floods (following collapse of dams). Long-term secondary effects include regional subsidence or emergence of landmasses and regional changes in groundwater levels. Liquefaction is defined as the transformation of water saturated granular material from solid to a liquid state. During earthquakes, this may result from an increase in pore – water pressure caused by compaction during intense shaking. Liquefaction of near – surface water – saturated silts and sand causes the materials to lose their shear strength and flow. As a result, buildings may tilt or sink into the liquefied sediments; tanks or pipelines buried in the ground may float to the surface. Also the pressure generate by the shaking, forces the sand to loose its cohesive strength and to work more like a dense liquid. This leads to buildings collapsing and for sand to explode onto the surface to create ‘sand volcanoes’ and ‘boils’. Earthquake shaking commonly triggers many landslides (a comprehensive term for several types of hill slope failure) in hilly and mountainous areas. Landslides can be extremely destructive and cause great loss of life. Fire is a major secondary hazard associated with earthquakes. Shaking of the ground and surface displacements can break electrical power and gas lines and ignite fires. The threat from fire is doubled because fire-fighting equipment may be damage and water mains may be broken. The major cause of death form earthquakes is due to the collapse of buildings. The number of buildings destroyed by the Kobe earthquake exceeds 100,000, or approximately one in five buildings in the strongly shaken area. An additional 80,000 buildings were badly damaged. The large numbers of damaged traditional-style Japanese residences and small, traditional commercial buildings of three stories or less account for a great deal of the damage. In sections where these buildings were concentrated in the outlying areas of Kobe, entire blocks of collapsed buildings were common. The fires following the earthquake also destroyed several thousand buildings. Discuss the degree to which the hazard can be predicted and managed. Effective management of geological hazards is still an exclusive object for countries throughout the world. Experience has shown that, even in the most technologically developed countries, much remains to be achieved. Although considerable advances have been made in the field of geological hazard prediction, many geophysicists feel that accurate prediction of earthquakes may no longer be regarded as an achievable goal. Increasingly scientists and hazard managers are turning their attention to improving and adapting buildings and infrastructures that will withstand earthquakes. Hazard mapping, and land use zoning have important parts to play in the reduction of losses from earthquakes. The proper co-ordination of community awareness, evacuation procedures and effective response by public services is acquiring a much higher profile as a result of shortcomings revealed in recent events such as the Kobe and Armenian earthquakes. Administration of aid and relief programmes during the vital days after the occurrence of a disaster has often been criticised, particularly in the less economically developed countries, and much more competent use of resources is clearly required in many cases. Predictions of earthquakes are based largely on past patturns and generally tend to be imprecise. They are usually long term, and as we have seen, in the case of earthquakes it is unlikely that the location and magnitude of an event can be predicted with any accuracy. Forecasts are based on the evolution of an event through a series of stages that are increasingly well understood. In contrast to predictions, forecasts are often short-term and thus offer little time for effective warning to be given. Again little progress has been possible with seismic hazard forecasting. There has been considerable investment into the scientific prediction of earthquakes in areas such as the Kanto and Tokai regions of Japan and in California. In such densely urbanised and technologically complex areas the search for accurate prediction methods clearly justifies research costs. Seismic variations in the San Andreas Fault are well known. The section around the town of Parkfield is currently the site for an ongoing seismic prediction experiment. It appears that slips occur along this section of the fault at fairly regular intervals, averaging out at 22 years. The window of occurrence for the latest slip and earthquake was between1987 and 1993, but no major seismic event has yet occurred.